So the Prisoner's dilemma is a fundemental example in economics because it illustrates a concept of game theory. Game theory describes the mathematics of human interaction in a perfectly reasonable world. While humans are not reasonable, understanding game theory provides an understanding of natural processes, human activity on a broad scale, and provides a basis for understanding more complex models of human interaction.
The prisioner's dilema illustrates how the rational choice may not be the best outcome for all parties involved. Obviously in the prisoner's dilema, cooperation leads to the best result for both prisioners. The key is that if one player cooperates, the other player is better served by betraying the other prisoner.
Now, a betrayed prisioner who chose not to confess is better off confessing. The punishment if both prisoner's betray each other is less sever than being the only one not to confess.
Ultimately, this means that if completely rational, both prisioner's defect because they make out better than cooperating for any choice that the other prisioner makes.
Hope that explination made some sense. Here is the wikipedia article on that:
